Technology

Process

GRP profiles and their production method for Pultrusion The pultrusion process is a continuous manufacturing method, as shown outlines and is used in the production of uniform section product using various resin types including polyester resin or epoxy estervinílica phenolic, reinforced with glass fibers, superior performance to the materials conventional and includes two stages in its manufacture.


Step 1: Impregnation of the fibers in a liquid resin into the heated mold, the shape of the desired section.
Step 2: Cure / solidification of the matrix resin into the mold, forming the desired geometry.


Processo

Characteristics of FRP

The STEP remains secure its strategy to develop, design and install solutions PFRV profiles, incorporating in their supplies and works the great advantages that these materials have relatively to steel and more traditional constructive solutions and briefly include:

  • The GRP profiles are four times lighter than its equivalent steel and have a weight 30% less than aluminum.
  • GRP have a high mechanical, electrical, thermal and corrosion resistance.
  • Composite materials provide superior properties of each individual component because their properties are very high and can even exceed metals.
  • By combining two or more different materials (components), we obtain specific mechanical properties such as strength and characteristics desired.

The most important conclusion to be drawn about the FRP is that these materials have specific properties higher than the said conventional materials as figure and table below:

  • Linear elastic until breaking (no ductility).
  • Orthotropic behavior.
  • High longitudinal resistance (similar to steel).
  • Lower modulus of elasticity than steel.
  • Low density (less than 4 times that of steel).
Property Direction parallel to the fibers (x) Cross Directorate to the fibers (y)
Tensile strength (MPa) 200-400 50-60
Compressive Strength (MPa) 200-400 70-140
Shear strength (MPa) 25-30
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 20-40 5-9
Shear Modulus (GPa) 3-4
Content in fiber mass 50-70
Density 1.5-2.0
Coeficinete of thermal expansion 8-14 16-22
Condutabilidade Thermal Coefficient (W / K.m) 0.20-0.58
Technical specifications for all kinds of FRP profiles
specific Resistance 10^10-10^15 Ohm/cm
Higher isolation as resistance 10^10-10^15 Ohm
Dielectric strength 5-10 kV/mm
Thermal extension coefficient 12*10-6 1/K
Thermal conductivity 0,2 - 0,6 W/m*K
Specific temperature Capacity 1,0 - 1,2 kJ/kg*K
Temperature resistance -100 - +155 (180)°C
Water absorption 0,15%
Temperature Resistance (Marten) 200°C
Fire resistance B2, UL94 V1, UL94 V0, DIN 5510 S4 SR2 ST2, ASTM E84 < 25, ASTM D635
Type V Type I Type O
Concentration %

Temperature F/℃

Concentration %

Temperature F/℃

Concentration %

Temperature F/℃

Acetic Acid 50 180/82 50 125/52 5 77/25
Aluminum Hydroxide 100 180/82 100 160/71 ALL -
Ammonium Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Ammonium Bicarbonate 50 160/70 15 125/52 ALL -
Methacrylic Acid 99 95/35 - - - -
Ammonium Hydroxide 28 100/38 28 N/R ALL N/R
Ammonium Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Benzene 100 92/40 ALL N/R ALL N/R
Benzoic Acid SAT 210/99 SAT 150/66 ALL 77/25
Borax SAT 210/99 SAT 170/77 SAT 113/45
Calcium Carbide ALL 180/82 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Calcium Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 180/82 ALL -
Carbon Tetrachloride 100 92/40 100 N/R 100 N/R
Cholrine, Dry Gas - 210/99 - 140/60 - N/R
Chlorine Water SAT 200/93 SAT 80/27 SAT N/R
Chromic Acid 10 150/65 5 70/21 5 N/R
Citric Acid ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 77/25
Calcium Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Copper Cyanide ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 77/25
Copper Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Ethanol 10 155/82 50 75/24 10 77/25
Ethylene Glycol 100 200/93 100 90/32 100 104/40
Hydrofluoric Acid 10 149/65 - - - -
Ferric Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Ferrous Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 86/30
Formaldehyde 37 140/60 50 75/24 25 86/30
Gasoline 100 180/82 100 75/24 100 95/35
Glucose 100 210/99 100 170/77 ALL -
Glycerine 100 210/99 100 150/66 100 -
Hydrobromic Acid 50 150/65 50 120/49 18 -
Hydrochloric Acid 37 150/65 37 75/24 10 86/30
Hyrogen Peroxide 30 150/65 5 100/38 5 N/R
Lactic Acid ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 77/25
Lithium Chloride SAT 210/99 SAT 150/66 ALL -
Magnesium Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Magnesium Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 140/60 ALL 86/30
Magnesium Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Mercureic Chloride 100 210/99 100 150/66 100 104/40
Mercurous Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 140/60 ALL 104/40
Nickel Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Nickel Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Nitric Acid 20 130/54 20 70/21 20 N/R
Oxalic Acid ALL 210/99 ALL 75/24 ALL N/R
Perchloric Acid 30 100/38 10 N/R 10 N/R
Phosphoric Acid 100 210/99 100 120/49 80 N/R
Potassium Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Potassium Dichromate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 77/25
Potassium Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Potassium Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Propylene Glycol ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Sodium Acetate ALL 210/99 ALL 160/71 ALL 104/40

Sodiumt Bisulfate

ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Sodium Bromide ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 5 -
Sodium Cyanide ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 5 N/R
Sodium Hydroxide 25 180/82 N/R N/R N/R N/R
Sodium Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Sodium Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Stannic Chloride ALL 210/99 ALL 160/71 ALL 104/40
Sulfuric Acid 50 183/80 25 75/24 10 -
Tartaric Acid ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL -
Vinegar 100 210/99 100 170/77 ALL -
Methanol 10 183/84 N/R N/R N/R N/R
Sea Water ALL 210/99 ALL 158/70 ALL 113/45
Water, Distilled 100 180/82 100 170/77 ALL 86/30
Zine Nitrate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40
Zine Sulfate ALL 210/99 ALL 170/77 ALL 104/40

The use of phenolic resins, available in our range of products from that previously requested, is the resin suitable for all applications where fire resistance is mandatory. This resin to be incorporated into the manufacture of profiles has as its main features the great resistance flames and high temperature (900 ° C), not releasing fumes and having low emission of toxic gases, It is the right solution for environments where fire safety is of great importance. Compliance with the standards, ASTM E84, ASTM E119 Level 2 (L2), ASTM D2565, ASTM D 5630, ASTM D 2583, NES 713 being the only resin approved by USCG-USA for use in level 2 (escape route) according to ASTM E-84 and ASTM E-119.